According to the research by Rudolph J. Rummel, governments murdered approximately 262 million people from 1900 to 1999, which includes democide, defined as the premeditated killing of unarmed or disarmed people by government agents acting in their authoritative capacity and pursuant to government policy or high command. This figure encompasses killings by totalitarian regimes, authoritarians, and even democracies, though the latter were responsible for a lesser number of deaths compared to the former.